Aristóteles fjallađi um: stjórnarskrá, fullveldi og stjórnarform

        

Stjórnarskráin

Áskorun til forseta  Íslands

Peningastefnan

Icesave-vextir

 

 

 
null   Samstađa ţjóđar
   
NATIONAL UNITY COALITION                                                           
   Baráttusamtök fyrir sjálfstćđu ríki á Íslandi

   og fullveldisréttindum almennings.
   Stöndum vörđ um Stjórnarskrá Lýđveldisins.




    
Aristóteles fjallađi um: stjórnarskrá, fullveldi og stjórnarform.

 

18. febrúar 2012.

  


Loftur Altice Ţorsteinsson.

  

Af ţeirri brengluđu umrćđu um Stjórnarskrána sem er í gangi í landinu, gćti mađur haldiđ ađ hugtök eins og stjórnarskrá og fullveldi hefđu veriđ fundin upp eftir síđustu aldamót. Svo er ţó auđvitađ ekki, ţví ađ ţessi hugtök eru meira en 2000 ára gömul.

  

Til ađ sanna vantrúuđum ađ ég fer ekki međ fleipur, birti ég hér fyrir neđan nokkrar málsgreinar úr riti Aristótelesar (384FX - 322FX), en hann ţarf vonandi ekki ađ kynna fyrir neinum lesanda. Bókin nefnist Stjórnspekin, (Πολιτικά), en á Enskri tungu nefnist hún Politics.

  

Stjórnarskrá (constitution) gerir grein fyrir stjórnarformi ríkis og einkum hver fer međ fullveldisréttindi ríkisins og hvernig stjórnarathafnir skulu fara fram. Mikilvćgt er ađ stjórnvalds-athafnir séu ađgreindar í höndum löggjafarvalds, framkvćmdavalds og dómsvalds.

  

Fullveldi (sovereign power) er óskiptanlegt og í höndum eins ađila. Fullveldishafinn getur veriđ einn einstaklingur, hópur manna, eđa allir einstaklingar ríkis. Ţetta skildi Aristótelis fullkomlega, en sama verđur ekki sagt um marga sem tjá sig um máliđ á okkar dögum. Fullveldi hefur ekkert međ ađ gera sjálfstćđi ríkis gagnvart öđrum ríkjum. Ţađ versta sem menn geta gert í umrćđu um stjórnarform er ađ rugla saman ţessum hugtökum.

  

Stjórnarformi (form of government) ríkja er hćgt ađ skipa í 3 flokka:  konungsveldi, höfđingjaveldi eđa lýđveldi, en auđvitađ geta nöfn ţessara flokka veriđ önnur en hér eru notuđ og einnig geta útfćrslur í hverju ríki veriđ mismunandi. Mikilvćgasti munurinn innan hvers flokks er hversu fast fullveldishafinn heldur um fullveldisréttindin.

    
 

     

 

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Kaflar úr Politics eftir Aristóteles - Bók III, ţýđing eftir Benjamin Jowett.

    
 

     

CHAPTER 6. 

Having determined these questions, we have next to consider whether there is only one form of government or many, and if many, what they are, and how many, and what are the differences between them. A constitution is the arrangement of magistracies in a state, especially of the highest of all. The government is everywhere sovereign in the state, and the constitution is in fact the government. For example, in democracies the people are supreme, but in oligarchies, the few; and, therefore, we say that these two forms of government also are different: and so in other cases.

    
 

     

CHAPTER 7. 

Having determined these points, we have next to consider how many forms of government there are, and what they are; and in the first place what are the true forms, for when they are determined the perversions of them will at once be apparent. The words constitution and government have the same meaning, and the government, which is the supreme authority in states, must be in the hands of one, or of a few, or of the many.

  

The true forms of government, therefore, are those in which the one, or the few, or the many, govern with a view to the common interest; but governments which rule with a view to the private interest, whether of the one or of the few, or of the many, are perversions. For the members of a state, if they are truly citizens, ought to participate in its advantages.

    
Of forms of government in which one rules, we call that which regards the common interests, kingship or royalty (konungsveldi); that in which more than one, but not many, rule, aristocracy (höfđingjaveldi); and it is so called, either because the rulers are the best men, or because they have at heart the best interests of the state and of the citizens.
    
But when the citizens at large administer the state for the common interest, the government is called by the generic name- a constitution. And there is a reason for this use of language. One man or a few may excel in virtue; but as the number increases it becomes more difficult for them to attain perfection in every kind of virtue, though they may in military virtue, for this is found in the masses.

  

Hence in a constitutional government the fighting-men have the supreme power, and those who possess arms are the citizens. Of the above-mentioned forms, the perversions are as follows: of royalty, tyranny (konungsveldi); of aristocracy, oligarchy (höfđingjaveldi); of constitutional government, democracy (lýđveldi). For tyranny is a kind of monarchy which has in view the interest of the monarch only; oligarchy has in view the interest of the wealthy; democracy, of the needy: none of them the common good of all.

 


  

    Yfirlit yfir stjórnarform
 
Fullveldishafi:einstaklingurţjóđfélagshópuralmenningur
Íslendingar hafa búiđ viđ:konungsveldihöfđingjaveldilýđveldi
Aristoteles fannst góđ stjórnarform:monarchyaristocracypolity
Aristoteles fannst slćm stjórnarform:tyrannyoligarchydemocracy

 

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