Fćrsluflokkur: Stjórnmál og samfélag
8.5.2013 | 14:45
How Fossil Fuels Have Greened the Planet
How Fossil Fuels Have Greened the Planet.Fyrst birt í The Wall Street Journal 05. janúar 2013.Matt Ridley.Did you know that the Earth is getting greener, quite literally? Satellites are now confirming that the amount of green vegetation on the planet has been increasing for three decades. This will be news to those accustomed to alarming tales about deforestation, overdevelopment and ecosystem destruction.This possibility was first suspected in 1985 by Charles Keeling, the scientist whose meticulous record of the content of the air atop Mauna Loa in Hawaii first alerted the world to the increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Mr. Keelings famous curve showed not only a year-by-year increase in carbon dioxide levels but a season-by-season oscillation in the concentration.During summers in the Northern Hemisphere, the Earth breathes in carbon dioxide as green plants (most of which are north of the equator) absorb the gas and turn it into carbohydrate. In the northern winter, the Earth breathes the gas out again, as the summers leaves rot.Mr. Keeling and colleagues noticed that the depth of the breathing had increased in Hawaii by 20% since the 1960s: The Earth was taking in more carbon dioxide each northern summer and giving out more each winter. Since the inhalation is done by green leaves, they reasoned, the amount of greenery on the planet must be growing larger. In the 1980s forest biologists started to report striking increases in the growth rates of trees and the density of forests: in Douglas firs in British Columbia, Scots pines in Finland, bristlecone pines in Colorado and even tropical rain forests.Around the same time, a NASA scientist named Compton Tucker found that he could map global vegetation changes by calculating a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the data produced by a satellite sensor. The data confirmed Mr. Keelings suspicion: Greenery was on the increase. At first, this was thought to be a northern phenomenon, caused by faster growth in the great spruce and birch forests of Siberia and Canada, but the satellites showed it was happening all over the world and especially strongly in the Amazon and African rain forests.Using the NDVI, one team this year reported that over the last few decades of the 20th century, terrestrial ecosystems acted as net carbon sinks, i.e., they absorbed more carbon than they were emitting, and net greening was reported in all biomes, though the effect had slowed down in recent years.Satellites show that the amount of green vegetation has been increasing for three decades straight.The latest and most detailed satellite data, which is yet to be published but was summarized in an online lecture last July by Ranga Myneni of Boston University, confirms that the greening of the Earth has now been going on for 30 years. Between 1982 and 2011, 20.5% of the worlds vegetated area got greener, while just 3% grew browner; the rest showed no change.What explains this trend? Man-made nitrogen fertilizer causes crops to grow faster, but it is having little effect on forests. There are essentially two possibilities: climate and carbon dioxide itself. Warmer, wetter weather should cause more vegetation to grow. But even without warming, an increase in carbon dioxide should itself accelerate growth rates of plants. CO2 is a scarce resource that plants have trouble scavenging from the air, and plants grow faster with higher levels of CO2 to inhale.Dr. Myneni reckons that it is now possible to distinguish between these two effects in the satellite data, and he concludes that 50% is due to relaxation of climate constraints, i.e., warming or rainfall, and roughly 50% is due to carbon dioxide fertilization itself. In practice, the two interact. A series of experiments has found that plants tolerate heat better when CO2 levels are higher.The inescapable if unfashionable conclusion is that the human use of fossil fuels has been causing the greening of the planet in three separate ways: first, by displacing firewood as a fuel; second, by warming the climate; and third, by raising carbon dioxide levels, which raise plant growth rates. |
2.5.2013 | 10:04
Iceland's anti-EU election puts Norway's Europe plans on hold
Iceland's anti-EU election puts Norway's Europe plans on hold.Fyrst birt í The Christian Science Monitor 01. maí 2013.Valeria CriscioneErna Solberg, leader of Norway's pro-EU Conservatives and likely next prime minister, says that after Iceland's electoral results, Europe is not in the cards for Norway over the next few years.Four years and an Icelandic financial crisis later, EU membership now looks highly unlikely for the two Nordic nations, as a new anti-EU party takes the reins in Reykjavík and makes ripples in Oslo.Icelandic voters this week gave the majority of votes to anti-EU parties, Independence and Progressive, which campaigned on helping indebted households and dropping accession talks. The ruling Social Democrats, which filed for EU membership in 2009, were cast down to third place amidst polls showing the majority of Icelanders are against joining.The Icelandic Social Democratic party exploited a moment of despair in the Icelandic population after the [2008] bank crash, where the public in some few months were in favor of EU membership, says Heming Olaussen, chairman of Norways No to EU organization. The Social Democrats paid the price in this election.Icelands euroskepticism reinforces the Norwegian Conservative partys stance that EU membership is not in the cards for the next four years, says Erna Solberg, leader of the pro-EU party. She is the top candidate tipped to become Norways next prime minister this September.
Norwegian public support for EU membership is among historical lows, with only 20 percent for joining and nearly 70 percent against, according to polls this week by Sentio for Norwegian newspapers Nationen and Klassekampen. This is the highest support for membership since May 2011, but not enough to re-open the debate.
Norway has turned down membership in the EU twice, first in 1972 and then 1994. The oil rich country which feared having its national interests steered from Brussels opted instead to be part of the European Economic Area agreement together with Iceland and Lichtenstein, allowing them to participate in the EUs internal market.Both Norway and Iceland are especially concerned about their national sovereignty, although for different historical reasons, according to Olaussen. For Norway, it is about our historic experiences being under Danish, Swedish, and German governance. We look upon ourselves as a historically speaking 'new' state.However, some Norwegians are even questioning the EEA agreement. The euroskeptic members of Norways coalition Center and Socialist Left parties have discussed possibly renegotiating the agreement and even withdrawal. The political debate was later quashed by Labour, which helped prod its coalition partners to continue on the same compromise they entered government with in 2005, namely to keep EEA as the basis for the coalition but not to seek EU membership.One of the arguments for continuing with the EEA has been the lack of alternatives. A report this week by Menon Business Economics, commissioned by No to EU, suggested using the 2010 free trade agreement between Norway and South Korea as a model in place of the EEA. But more Norwegians are afraid of ditching the EEA than they are of joining the EU.
Polls show Norways Conservatives and the far-right populist Progress Party would have enough mandates in the September elections to form a majority government, ending the center-left coalition's eight-year reign. According to the average of nine polls by Poll of Polls yesterday, the Conservatives and Progress have 32.6 percent and 16.5 percent of voter support respectively, giving them 86 of the 169 mandates in Parliament.Should the Conservatives succeed in forming a coalition with Progress, it would mark the first time the far-right party sits in government. Solberg says it is always challenging when a new party become part of a coalition, but points out that current Prime Minister Stoltenbergs coalition faced the same dilemma when it took in the Socialist Left. The Conservatives could also end up forming a center-right government with the Christian Democrat and Liberal parties.Meanwhile, Iceland is still in the process of deciding on its government coalition. The Icelandic president yesterday asked Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson, leader of the centrist Progressive party and biggest gainer in the election, to form a government. Among the alternatives is a coalition with the former ruling Social Democrats and Left Green Alliance or the Independence party, which won the largest amount of votes. |
Stjórnmál og samfélag | Breytt s.d. kl. 10:51 | Slóđ | Facebook
1.5.2013 | 20:51
Varđhundar valda-ađalsins vilja afnema Lýđveldiđ
Varđhundar valda-ađalsins vilja afnema Lýđveldiđ.Fyrst birt 01. maí 2013.Loftur Altice Ţorsteinsson.Allt frá stofnun lýđveldis í Spörtu fyrir nćrstum 3000 árum, hafa varđhundar höfđingjanna sótt hart ađ ţví stjórnarformi sem Íslendingar völdu sér 1944. Enn í dag reyna valdamenn og fylgiliđ ţeirra ađ koma hér á höfđingjaveldi, sem ţeir nefna gjarnan ţingrćđi. Vissulega getur höfđingjaveldi átt rétt á sér, en venjulega ţjónar ţađ stjórnarform einungis hagsmunum höfđingjanna sjálfra.Forseti landsins fól Sigmundi Davíđ Gunnlaugssyni ađ mynda ríkisstjórn 30. apríl 2013 og ađ ţví verkefni hefur Sigmundur unniđ síđan. Ekki er vitađ hvort einhver skilyrđi hafa fylgt umbođinu, eđa hvort hann hefur frjálsar hendur til ađ mynda minnihlutastjórn, utanţingsstjórn eđa ríkisstjórn skipađa meirihluta á Alţingi.Ţrátt fyrir ađ einungis óformlegar viđrćđur hafi átt sér stađ, á milli Sigmundar Davíđs og formanna hinna flokkanna, hafa sendimenn ţingrćđisins strax hafiđ árásir á Framsóknarmenn og gagnrýnt hinar óformlegu viđrćđur. Á vegum höfđingjanna hafa ţannig Guđni Th. Jóhannesson sagnfrćđingur og Stefanía Óskarsdóttir stjórnmálafrćđingur, komiđ fram međ niđrandi ummćli um lýđveldisformiđ. Til dćmis segir Guđni:
Haft er eftir Stefaníu:
Ţessi orđrćđa sagnfrćđingsins og stjórnmálfrćđings er endurómur úr fortíđinni, ţegar ţjóđin lét höfđingja-rćđiđ (ţing-rćđiđ) vađa yfir sig. Ein af grundvallar reglum stjórnarforms lýđveldis er ađskilnađur lögsetningarvalds, framkvćmdavalds og dómsvalds. Ef menn vilja viđhalda lýđveldinu ţá virđa menn ţessa reglu.Margir hafa talađ um ađ ráđherrar ćttu ekki ađ sitja samtímis á Alţingi. Utanţingsstjórnir og minnihlutastjórnir eru í eđli sínu ađskilnađur framkvćmdavalds frá lögsetningarvaldi. Hugsanlega er forseti Lýđveldisins og Sigmundur Davíđ ađ feta brautina til betra lýđveldis en viđ höfum ţekkt.Telja verđur samt, ađ litlar líkur séu ađ viđ núverandi ađstćđur verđi stigin stór skref í átt ađ stjórnarformi sem nálgast hreint lýđveldi. Til ţess stendur höfđingja-rćđiđ of föstum fótum í Íslendsku samfélagi. Almenningur getur í bezta falli vonast til ađ halda ţeim fullveldisréttindum sem nú ţegar eru fyrir hendi. Ekkert getur samt hindrađ okkur í ađ reyna og fyrsta verkefniđ ćtti líklega ađ vera barátta fyrir deildaskiptu Alţingi. |
Stjórnmál og samfélag | Breytt 22.5.2013 kl. 23:23 | Slóđ | Facebook
26.4.2013 | 23:09
Sigmundur Davíđ: Ţetta tćkifćri kemur ekki aftur
Sigmundur Davíđ: Ţetta tćkifćri kemur ekki aftur.Fyrst birt á vefsíđu höfundar 24. apríl 2013.Sigmundur Davíđ Gunnlaugsson.Nú hafa flestir málsmetandi menn fallist á ađ ţađ sé bćđi framkvćmanlegt og nauđsynlegt ađ uppgjöri snjóhengjunnar, og ţar međ taliđ gömlu bankanna, ljúki međ verulegri eftirgjöf kröfuhafanna og efnahagslegu svigrúmi fyrir Ísland. Menn hafa líka fallist á ađ hćgt sé ađ ná ţessari niđurstöđu hratt međ skattlagningu ef samningaleiđin dugar ekki til.Hópurinn sem stendur ađ vefsíđunni snjohengjan.is bendir á ađ eđlilegt svigrúm nemi ţegar allt er taliđ um 800 milljörđum. Ţađ er miklu meira en ţarf til ađ leiđrétta stöđu heimilanna. Samhliđa ţví er hćgt ađ bćta stöđu ríkissjóđs og endurreisa velferđarkerfiđ.Ţetta snýst ekki um eignaupptöku. Tapiđ er ţegar falliđ til. Ţađ var ađ mestu leyti boriđ af erlendum lánardrottnum sem hafa innleyst tapiđ og látiđ sig hverfa. Í ţeirra stađ komu vogunarsjóđir sem hafa grćtt gífurlega (á pappírnum) á ţví ađ nú er veriđ er ađ innheimta mikiđ af ţví sem taliđ var tapađ og búiđ var ađ afskrifa. Ţetta hafa ţeir getađ gert m.a. vegna neyđarlaganna og gjaldeyrishaftanna. Ţađ er ekki hćgt ađ sćtta sig viđ ađ Íslendingar striti viđ ađ auka heimtur og vinna upp ţađ sem ţegar hafđi tapast án ţess ađ fá nokkra hlutdeild í ţví. Hvađ ţá ađ viđ gerum ţađ innan hafta og berum kostnađinn af höftunum án ţess ađ nokkuđ komi á móti.Ég taldi ađ formenn flestra stjórnmálaflokka hefđu fallist á ţetta. Ég hef ţví verulegar áhyggjur af bakslagi hjá formanni Samfylkingarinnar. Hann virđist nú hafa meiri áhyggjur af ţví bćta ímynd landsins gagnvart vogunarsjóđum en stöđu Íslendskra heimila.Ađrar ţjóđir hafa gengiđ langt til ađ verja rétt sinn án ţess ađ hafa sams konar tćkifćri til ţess og viđ. Tćkifćri okkar er einstakt. Ćtlum viđ ađ kasta ţví tćkifćri á glć til ađ gleđja vogunarsjóđi? Hvers konar ímyndarherferđ er ţađ sem gengur út á ađ kynna erlendum vogunarsjóđum ađ Íslendingar láti undan öllum kröfum? Ţađ er reyndar í góđu samrćmi viđ rökin sem notuđ voru fyrir ţví ađ samţykkja hundruđa milljarđa vaxtagreiđslur af ólögmćtum Icesave-kröfum til ađ bćta ímynd okkar.Formađur Sjálfstćđisflokksins er hins vegar orđinn harđur á ţví ađ ná ţurfi fjármagni međ góđu eđa illu. Ţađ er ţá vćntanlega ekki bara fugl í skógi. Hins vegar virđast forysta, og ađrir frambjóđendur, Sjálfstćđisflokksins vilja nýta ţađ svigrúm í flest annađ en ađ koma til móts viđ heimilin. Heimili sem eiga réttmćta kröfu á ţessi ţrotabú ţegar kemur ađ uppgjöri ţeirra. -Heimili sem hafa boriđ hitann og ţungann af hruninu, verđtryggt.Neyđarlögin vörđu eignir. Eđlilegt framhald af ţeim var ađ taka á skuldahliđinni. Ţađ hefur ekki veriđ gert. Ekkert er gert til ađ verja eignir fólks sem hagađi sér skynsamlega fyrir hrun en varđ fyrir tjóni af starfsemi fyrirtćkjanna sem nú er veriđ ađ gera upp.Ţetta er einfalt: Ţađ ţarf ađ skipta eignum ţrotabúanna. Ţađ ţjónar hagsmunum allra. Samhliđa ţeim uppskiptum verđur hćgt ađ aflétta gjaldeyrishöftum og koma til móts viđ skuldsett heimili og bćta ríkinu og velferđarkerfinu ţađ tjón sem leiddi af hruninu sem nú er veriđ ađ gera upp. Viđ höfum einstakt tćkifćri til ađ bćta tjón undanfarinna ára. Ţađ tćkifćri má ekki glatast! |
Stjórnmál og samfélag | Breytt 2.5.2013 kl. 10:50 | Slóđ | Facebook
24.4.2013 | 13:15
Skađlegar hugmyndir um skipan bankamála eftir hruniđ
Skađlegar hugmyndir um skipan bankamála eftir hruniđ.Fyrst birt í Morgunblađinu 09. nóvember 2011.
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23.4.2013 | 07:18
Stöđvum strax ađlögun ađ ESB - undirskriftasöfnun
Stöđvum strax ađlögun ađ ESB.Undirskriftalistinn
Ţann 16. júlí 2009, samţykkti Alţingi ályktun um »ađ leggja inn umsókn um ađild Íslands ađ ESB«. Ályktunin hlaut samţykki Alţingis međ ađeins 33 atkvćđum af 63. Tillögu, um ađ leita álits ţjóđarinnar á ţessu afdrifaríka feilspori, var hafnađ međ 32 atkvćđum. Umsóknin um ađild ađ Evrópusambandinu var ţannig alfariđ á ábyrgđ ţess meirihluta á Alţingi sem studdi ríkisstjórn Jóhönnu Sigurđardóttur. Umsóknin var hvorki á ábyrgđ stjórnarandstöđnnar á Alţingi né ţjóđarinnar. Allt frá september 2009, hafa veriđ gerđar kannanir um afstöđu landsmanna til inngöngu landsins í ESB, af Capacent-Gallup. Niđurstöđur ţessara kannana hafa ávallt veriđ á einn veg, 60% - 70% ţjóđarinnar hefur veriđ andvígt ađild. Viđ blasir, ađ núverandi meirihluti á Alţingi mun gjalda mikiđ afhrođ í kosningunum 27. apríl 2013. Ađ stórum hluta er ţađ vegna ţess ađ ţjóđin hafnar óskum ríkisstjórnarinnar um inngöngu landsins í ESB. Ţjóđin hafnar ţeim ólýđrćđislegu vinnubrögđum sem ríkisstjórn Jóhönnu Sigurđardóttur hefur viđhaft í ESB málinu. Viđ undirrituđ skorum á Alţingi ađ stöđva strax viđrćđur Íslands viđ Evrópusambandiđ um ađild Íslands ađ ESB, međ formlegri ályktun. Alţingi hóf viđrćđur um ađild án samţykkis ţjóđarinnar og Alţingi ber skylda til ađ ljúka ţeim strax, án kostnađarsamrar ţjóđarkönnunar. |
Stjórnmál og samfélag | Breytt 2.5.2013 kl. 10:45 | Slóđ | Facebook
22.4.2013 | 15:22
Sjálfstćđisflokkur lofar landsmönnum vandfundnum gjöfum
Sjálfstćđisflokkur lofar landsmönnum vandfundnum gjöfum.Fyrst birt 22. apríl 2013.Loftur Altice Ţorsteinsson.Á kosningavef Sjálfstćđisflokks er gerđ grein fyrir loforđum flokksins um skatta-afslátt til ađ mćta erfiđri stöđu skuldugra heimila og til ţeirra sem eru ađ safna fyrir húsnćđi. Ţessar hugmyndir eru svo ótrúlegar ađ nálgast vitfirringu, ef sannar eru. Á vefsíđunni segir um skatta-afslátt til ađ lćkka skuldir sem eru fyrir hendi:
Ennfremur er lofađ skatta-afslćtti til fjárfestinga í húsnćđi í framtíđinni:
Svona örlćti hefur ekki sést í kosningabaráttu, allt frá landnámi. Hlaupum samt ekki um í stjórnlausri gleđi, heldur athugum hvađ ţessi kosningaloforđ merkja fyrir ríkissjóđ.Fyrir ţađ fyrsta, ţá er ţarna talađ um ađ einstaklingar fái ţennan rausnarlega skatta-afslátt, en ekki til dćmis heimili eđa bara skuldsettir einstaklingar. Ţarna segir ađ »Öllum stendur ţessi leiđ til bođa.«Í öđru lagi er skatta-afsláttinn hćgt ađ fá vegna fyrirhugađra íbúđarkaupa og einnig vegna afborgana af lánum međ veđi í húsnćđi. Hvađ ćtli ţessar fyrirhuguđu gjafir leiđi til mikilla útgjalda fyrir ríkissjóđ?Einstaklingar í landinu voru 321.857 01. janúar 2013. Ţar sem lofađ er afslćtti upp á 480.000 kr/ári (40.000 x 12 mánuđir) verđur árlegur skattaafsláttur vegna ţessara loforđa um 154 milljarđar (321.857 x 480.000). Vegna mannfjölgunar á nćrstu árum má örugglega hćkka ţessa tölu í 160 milljarđa, hiđ minnsta. Á ţeim 5 árum sem afslćttinum er lofađ, verđur afslátturinn 800 milljarđar! Hefur ríkissjóđur efni á ţessum gjöfum, eđa er ćtlunin ađ brćđa Snjóhengjuna og drekkja Hrćgömmunum?Frambjóđendur Flokksins hafa fjallađ opinberlega um framangreindar hugmyndir, en í stađ kostnađar ríkissins upp á160 milljarđa Króna, hafa ţeir talađ um 16 milljarđa. Ţetta hlýtur ađ vera kommu-skekkja, sem verđur snarlega leiđrétt. Eftir stendur ađ útskýra hverju Flokkurinn er raunverulega ađ lofa. |
Stjórnmál og samfélag | Breytt s.d. kl. 16:18 | Slóđ | Facebook
22.4.2013 | 08:12
Fjölmenn samfylking Icesave-vina ćtlar ađ sitja áfram á Alţingi
Fjölmenn samfylking Icesave-vina ćtlar ađ sitja áfram á Alţingi.Fyrst birt 22. apríl 2013.Loftur Altice Ţorsteinsson.Úrskurđur EFTA-dómstólsins frá 28. janúar 2013 stađfesti ađ »Samstađa ţjóđar gegn Icesave« og ađrir andstćđingar Icesave-kúgunarinnar höfđu fullkomlega rétt fyrir sér. Á sömu stundu og úrskurđurinn var gerđur kunnur, hefđu allir ţeir Alţingismenn sem greiddu Icesave-III-samningunum atkvćđi átt ađ tilkynna afsögn sína.Enginn ţessara ţingmanna lét svo lítiđ, ađ biđjast afsökunar á heimsku sinni og hugleysi frammi fyrir kröfugerđ nýlenduvelda Evrópu. Ţađ er jafnvel verra, ađ stór hluti ţessa óţjóđholla liđs býđur sig fram til áframhaldandi setu á Alţingi. Samkvćmt skođanakönnunum, er líklegt ađ einhverjir ţessara ţjóđsvikara nái kjöri. Lesendur eru hvattir til ađ strika út ţetta fólk viđ kosninguna, eftir ţví sem fćri gefst.
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Stjórnmál og samfélag | Breytt s.d. kl. 08:14 | Slóđ | Facebook
21.4.2013 | 11:47
Ţjóđnýting einkaskulda - almenningur blóđmjólkađur
Ţjóđnýting einkaskulda - almenningur blóđmjólkađur.Fyrst birt á vefsetri höfundar 23. marz 2012.Lilja Mósesdóttir.Kröfuhafar gömlu bankanna og útrásarvíkinganna leita enn leiđa til ađ koma kröfum sínum yfir á skattgreiđendur, í stađ ţess ađ láta gömlu bankana og útrásarvíkingana borga. Forusta stjórnarflokkanna hefur ýtt undir ţessa viđleitni kröfuhafanna međ ítrekuđum nauđsamningum um Icesave skuldbindinguna, andstöđu viđ almennar skuldaleiđréttingar sem hefđu rýrt eignir kröfuhafa og stuđning viđ gjaldeyrishöft sem koma í veg fyrir ađ aflandskrónur og ađrar eignir kröfuhafa verđi afskrifađar.Á bak viđ aflandskrónurnar og eignir kröfuhafa gömlu bankanna voru einkaskuldir fyrirtćkja sem fóru í ţrot. Ţjóđarbúiđ hefur ţví ekki efni á ađ greiđa út ţessar aflandskrónur og eignir kröfuhafa. Ríkisstjórnin skilur ekki vandann og leyfir aflandskrónueigendum ađ kaupa ríkisskuldabréf fyrir verđlitlar krónur eins og ţćr hefđu fullt verđgildi. Ţetta heitir ađ ţjóđnýta tapađar einkaskuldir. Skerđa verđur lífskjör almennings verulega í landinu ef ţessum frođueignum verđur ekki ţrýst út úr hagkerfinu međ ţví ađ rýra virđi ţeirra međ háum útstreymisskatti, eđa međ ţví ađ taka upp Nýkrónu (Ríkisdal) á mismunandi skiptigengi til ađ rýra verđgildi ţeirra.Höft til verndar kröfuhöfum.Sífellt fleiri sérfrćđingar taka nú undir tillögu mína um skatt á útstreymi fjármagns sem ég lagđi m.a. til í grein í Fréttablađinu í lok október 2008. Tillögu minni var slátrađ af fólki sem veit ekkert um fjármálakreppur og skilur ekki nauđsyn ţess ađ skrifa niđur tapađar eignir sem notađar voru til ađ fjármagna fjárfestingar og neyslu fyrirtćkja og einstaklinga sem nú eru gjaldţrota. Í stađ t.d. 80% skatts á útstreymi fjármagns voru innleidd gjaldeyrishöft sem vernda kröfuhafa gegn eignarýrnun og tryggja ţeim hćstu ávöxtun sem völ er á í Evrópu. AGS ráđlagđi stjórnvöldum ađ styggja ekki eigendur ţessara frođueigna. Aflandskrónueigendum var ţví bođiđ ađ umbreyta frođueignum sínum í ríkisskuldabréf án afskrifta og međ hárri ávöxtun. Ávöxtun sem sótt er í vasa skattgreiđenda og skuldsettra heimila og fyrirtćkja á Íslandi. Eftir hrun hefur ţjóđin ekki átt gjaldeyri til ađ kaupa krónueignir aflandskrónueigenda og kröfuhafa.Útflutningstekjurnar hafa fariđ í ađ greiđa fyrir innflutning og vexti og afborganir af erlendum skuldum. Útstreymi vaxtagreiđslna af frođueignum sem eru á leiđ út úr hagkerfinu hefur veikt gengi krónunnar og gert endurfjármögnun erlendra lána erfiđari og dýrari en ella. Fljótlega ţarf t.d. Nýi Landsbankinn ađ endurfjármagna lán ađ upphćđ um 320 milljarđa. Nauđsynlegt er ađ fá nýtt erlent lán til ađ koma í veg fyrir ađ ţessi upphćđ bćtist ekki viđ um 700 milljarđa eignir aflandskrónueigenda og kröfuhafa gömlu bankanna sem sitja fastar á bak viđ höftin og bíđa ţess ađ fara út. Útstreymi sem setur mikinn ţrýsting á krónuna til lćkkunar. Höftin virka eins og vatnsaflsvirkjun sem lokar á útstreymiđ og á bak viđ vegg virkjunarinnar safnast upp stöđugt hćrra stöđulón peninga. Stöđulón sem núna er um 1.000 milljarđar en fer niđur í um 700 milljarđar um leiđ og búiđ er ađ tryggja endurfjármögnun Landsbankans.Lífskjörin í vasa kröfuhafa.Sú leiđ sem stjórnarflokkarnir hafa valiđ til ađ tryggja eignir aflandskrónueigenda og kröfuhafa er ađ halda kaupmćtti í landinu niđri og langt undir ţví sem gerist hjá nágrönnum okkar. Lítill kaupmáttur almennings á Íslandi dregur úr innflutningi vöru og ţjónustu, ţannig ađ afgangur myndast á viđskiptum viđ útlönd. Afgangurinn er notađur til ađ fjármagna hćgfara útstreymi frođueignanna. Miklar skuldir og vaxtagreiđslur Íslendska ţjóđarbúsins gera ţjóđinni sífellt erfđara fyrir ađ fjármagna hćgfara útstreymi frođueigna og ţví eru nú uppi raddir um ađ veikja ţurfi gengi krónunnar enn meira til ađ fjármagna útstreymiđ. Enn á ný er m.ö.o. uppi krafa um ađ styrkja skjaldborgina um fjármagnseigendur á kostnađ lífskjaranna í landinu. Stjórnarflokkarnir virđast ekki sjá neina ađra leiđ út úr vandanum. Ef hin svokallađa norrćna velferđarstjórn ćtlar ađ fara lífskjaraskerđingarleiđina, ţá mun mikill fjöldi landsmanna sjá hag sýnum betur borgiđ međ ţví ađ selja krónueigendum eignir sínar á bóluverđi og flytja ţangađ ţar sem lífskjör eru viđunandi.Nýkróna (Ríkisdalur).Skattlagningu á útstreymi fjármagns hefur veriđ hafnađ á ţeirri forsendu ađ skatturinn gangi á eignarrétt kröfuhafa og gegn ákvćđi EES samningsins um frjálst flćđi fjármagns. Upptaka Nýkrónu (Ríkisdala) međ mismunandi skiptigengi er leiđ framhjá ţessum vandkvćđum. Launum fólks í landinu yrđi breytt í Nýkrónu ţannig ađ upphćđ ţeirra yrđi óbreytt. Frođueignir á leiđ út úr landi yrđi hins vegar skipt yfir í Nýkrónu ţannig ađ 10 milljónir í gömlum krónum yrđu t.d. 2 milljónir í Nýkrónum. Upptaka Nýkrónu myndi ţannig laga ytra ójafnvćgi hagkerfsins sem birtist í ţví ađ ţjóđin hefur ekki efni á ađ kaupa krónueignir aflandskrónueigenda og kröfuhafa nema fella gengi krónunnar enn meira og skerđa verulega lífskjör almennings međ hćrra vöruverđi og dýpkandi skuldakreppu heimilanna.Jafnframt vćri nauđsynlegt ađ nota upptöku Nýkrónunnar til ađ laga innra ójafnvćgi hagkerfisins sem felst í ţví ađ sumir eiga alltof miklar eignir (fjármagnseigendur og lífeyrissjóđir) og ađrir eru of skuldsettir. Viđ upptöku Nýkrónunnar ţyrfti ţví ađ skrifa húsnćđisskuldir ţannig ađ 10 milljón kr. lán fćri yfir á 8 milljónum kr. og lćkka eignir fjármagnseigenda til samrćmis. Upptaka Nýkrónu (Ríkisdala) er ekki töfrabragđ heldur nauđsynleg varnarađgerđ til ađ koma í veg fyrir aukna fátćkt og stórfelldan landflótta á nćstu árum. |
Stjórnmál og samfélag | Breytt s.d. kl. 11:58 | Slóđ | Facebook
20.4.2013 | 00:48
Steve H. Hanke: The Dead Hand of Exchange Controls
Steve H. Hanke: The Dead Hand of Exchange Controls.Fyrst birt í júlí-hefti GlobeAsia 2010.Steve H. Hanke.The monetary bureaucrats in the United States, Europe and Japan have delivered ultra-low interest rates. When combined with the exchange-rate regimes in most Asian countries, these low interest rate policies have created a hot-money cocktail. In May, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific recommended the imposition of exchange controls to curb inflows of hot-money (styggur peningur) into the region. On June 13 and 16, South Korea and Indonesia, respectively, took the U.N. bait and introduced new exchange controls.To understand the causes of hot-money flows, we must examine the basic types of exchange-rate regimes. Lets take a look (see accompanying chart).Free-Market Regimes.Under a fixed-rate regime, a countrys monetary base is determined by the balance of payments, moving in a one-to-one correspondence with changes in its foreign reserves. With both of these free-market exchange rate mechanisms, there cannot be conflicts between monetary and exchange rate policies, and balance-of-payments crises (and hot-money flows) cannot rear their ugly heads. Floating- and fixed-rate regimes are inherently equilibrium systems in which market forces act to automatically rebalance financial flows and avert balance-of-payments crises and hot money flows.Pegged Rates Invite Trouble.Most economists use fixed and pegged as interchangeable or nearly interchangeable terms for exchange rates. While these two types are superficially similar, they are fundamentally very different types of exchange-rate arrangements. Pegged-rate systems are those where the monetary authority is aiming for more than one target at a time. Indeed, pegged rates require a central bank to manage both the exchange rate and monetary policy.With a pegged rate, the monetary base contains both domestic and foreign components. Pegged systems which include pegged, but adjustable rates, crawling pegs, and managed floating rates go hand-in-glove with hot money flows. These systems often employ exchange controls and are not free-market mechanisms for international balance-of-payments adjustments. Pegged exchange rates (gengistylling) are inherently disequilibrium systems, lacking an automatic mechanism to produce balance-of-payments adjustments.Unlike floating and fixed rates, pegged rates invariably result in conflicts between monetary and exchange rate policies. For example, when capital inflows become excessive under a pegged system, a central bank often attempts to sterilize the ensuing increase in the foreign component of the monetary base by selling bonds, reducing the domestic component of the base. And when outflows become excessive, a central bank attempts to offset the decrease in the foreign component of the base by buying bonds, increasing the domestic component of the monetary base.Balance-of-payments crises erupt as a central bank begins to offset more and more of the reduction in the foreign component of the monetary base with domestically created base money. When this occurs, it is only a matter of time before currency speculators spot the contradictions between exchange rate and monetary policies (as they did in the Asian financial crisis of 199798) and force a devaluation, the imposition of exchange controls, or both.Hot Money and Exchange Controls.Hot money flows are principally associated with pegged exchange rates. Many analysts have misdiagnosed the so-called hot money problem because they have failed to appreciate this all-important linkage. In consequence, they have prescribed exchange controls as a cure-all to cool off the hot money. That prescription treats the symptoms. It fails to treat the disease: pegged exchange rates. Until pegged rates are abandoned, there will be volatile hot money flows and calls to cool the hot money with exchange controls.Currency convertibility is a simple concept. It means residents and nonresidents are free to exchange domestic currency for foreign currency. However, there are many degrees of convertibility, with each denoting the extent to which governments impose controls on the exchange and use of currency.The pedigree of exchange controls can be traced back to Plato, the father of statism (ríkisforsjá). Inspired by Lycurgus of Sparta, Plato embraced the idea of an inconvertible currency as a means to preserve the autonomy of the state from outside interference. It is no wonder that the leadership in Beijing finds the idea of an inconvertable yuan so attractive.The temptation to turn to exchange controls in the face of disruptions caused by hot money flows is hardly new. Tsar Nicholas II first pioneered limitations on convertibility in modern times, ordering the State Bank of Russia to introduce, in 190506, a limited form of exchange control to discourage speculative purchases of foreign exchange. The bank did so by refusing to sell foreign exchange, except where it could be shown that it was required to buy imported goods. Otherwise, foreign exchange was limited to 50,000 German marks per person. The Tsars rationale for exchange controls was that of limiting hot money flows, so that foreign reserves and the exchange rate could be maintained. The more things change, the more they remain the same.Before more politicians come under the spell of exchange controls, they should reflect on the following passage from Nobel laureate Friedrich Hayeks 1944 classic, The Road to Serfdom:
Hayeks message about convertibility has regrettably been overlooked by many contemporary economists. Exchange controls are nothing more than a ring fence within which governments can expropriate their subjects property. Open exchange and capital markets, in fact, protect the individual from exactions, because governments must reckon with the possibility of capital flight.From this it follows that the imposition of exchange controls leads to an instantaneous reduction in the wealth of the country, because all assets decline in value. To see why, it is important to understand how assets are priced.The value of any asset is the sum of the expected future installments of income it generates discounted to the present value. For example, the price of a stock represents the value to the investor now of his share of the companys future cash flows, whether issued as dividends or reinvested. The present value of future income is calculated using an appropriate interest rate that is adjusted for the various risks that the income may not materialize.When convertibility is restricted, risk increases, because property is held hostage and is subject to a potential ransom through expropriation. As a result, the risk-adjusted interest rate employed to value assets is higher than it would be with full convertibility. Investors are willing to pay less for each dollar of prospective income and the value of property is less than it would be with full convertibility.This result, incidentally, is the case even when convertibility is allowed for profit remittances. With less than full convertibility, there is still a danger the government will confiscate property without compensation.That explains why foreign investors are less willing to invest new money in a country with such controls, even with guarantees on profit remittances.Investors become justifiably nervous when they expect that a government may impose exchange controls. Settled money becomes hot and capital flight occurs. Asset owners liquidate their property and get out while the getting is good. Contrary to popular wisdom, restrictions on convertibility do not retard capital flight, they promote it.Full convertibility is the only guarantee that protects peoples right to what belongs to them. Even if governments are not compelled by arguments on the grounds of freedom, the prospect of seeing every asset in the country suddenly lose value as a result of exchange controls should give policymakers pause.This brings us to China a country with a plethora of exchange controls and an inconvertible currency. Beijing should adopt a fixed exchangerate regime. This would force Beijing to dump exchange controls and make the yuan fully convertible. Such a Big Bang would muzzle the China-bashers and put Beijing in the drivers seat. After all, China would then have a stable, freemarket exchange-rate regime. |
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